Biodelignification of wheat straw by different fungal associations

Seven strains of fungi were tested individually as well as in different combinations to determine their lignin degrading ability using wheat straw as natural substrate. When tested individuallyPhanerochaete chrysosporium caused a maximum loss in total organic matter (26.45%) as well as in the lignin component (28.93%). The associations between different groups: white-rot plus white-rot, white-rot plus brown-rot and white-rot plus soft-rot fungi revealed that in certain combinations the ligninolysis was enhanced to variable extent.Deadalea flavida plusP. chrysosporium was the best association to bring about a lignin loss of 36.27%.     

Assessment of winter wheat cultivars for changes in straw composition and digestibility in response to fungicide and growth regulator treatments

The effects of a combined fungicide and growth regulator treatment on the composition and dry matter digestibility of straw samples of winter wheat cultivars, Beaver, Brigadier, Hussar, Mercia, Riband, Genesis, Hunter, Spark, Cadenza and Flame, were compared. The samples were analysed for nitrogen, ash, fibre fractions and minerals. Nitrogen content of treated samples was reduced compared to the untreated control samples and in contrast the proportion of ash increased for all the treated samples. All samples were analysed by derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) to determine changes in fibre composition. Only six cultivars were analysed by chemical fractionation methods to determine changes in lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content. The results from the two methods of fibre analysis were broadly similar. K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations of the treated straw samples were found to be different to the untreated samples. Increase in dry matter digestibility (DMD) of treated straw was observed for all cultivars; the effects on Beaver, Brigadier, Mercia, Riband, Genesis, Hunter and Cadenza were most pronounced, but were less for Hussar, Spark and Flame. The potential impact of these changes in straw quality on organic mushroom compost preparation is briefly discussed.     

Cell-wall-degrading enzymes of aquatic hyphomycetes: a review

Reports of cell-wall-degrading enzymes of aquatic hyphomycetes are reviewed, including pectinases, cellulases, hemicellulases, laminarinases and chitinases and the ability of these fungi to degrade lignin and straw. New evidence of enzymic activity is presented for 14 species.     

Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growth III: the role of fungal decomposition

Rotting barley straw, which is known to inhibit algal growth, has been subjected to mycological examination. A wide range of fungi was isolated from submerged, aerated decomposing straw and tested for antialgal effects againstChlorella on agar plates. Three species, each the dominant isolate from different batches of straw, inhibited the alga. However, the general antialgal effects of decomposing straw are unlikely to be explained by antialgal properties of specific fungi.author for correspondence     

作物秸秆及其它废弃物栽培食用菌的农业生态效益研究

一、引言当前,世界上五大问题(环境、粮食、人口、资源和能源)日趋严重,在发展中国家解决饥饿、营养不良和贫困问题已成为人们关注的焦点。与此同时,人们也开始重视食用菌在利用农业有机废物转化为人类食物方面的积极     

Rice straw fermentation by Schizophyllum commune ARC-11 to produce high level of xylanase for its application in pre-bleaching

Rice straw is valuable resource that has been used as substrate for cost effective production of xylanase under solid-state fermentation by a newly isolated white rot fungi, S. commune ARC-11. Out of eleven carbon sources tested, rice straw was found most effective for the induction of xylanase that produced 4288.3?IU/gds of xylanase by S. commune ARC-11. Maximum xylanase production (6721.9?IU/gds) was observed on 8^th day of incubation at temperature (30?°C), initial pH (7.0) and initial moisture content (70.0%). The supplementation of ammonium sulphate (0.08% N, as available nitrogen) enhanced the xylanase production up to 8591.4?IU/gds. The xylanase production by S. commune ARC-11 was further improved by the addition of 0.10%, (w/v) of Tween-20 as surfactant. The maximum xylanase activities were found at pH 5.0 and temperature 55?°C with a longer stability (180?min) at temperature 45, 50 and 55?°C. This xylanase preparation was also evaluated for the pre-bleaching of ethanol-soda pulp from Eulaliopsis binata. An enzyme dosage of 10?IU/g of xylanase resulted maximum decrease in kappa number (14.51%) with a maximum improvement 2.9% in ISO brightness compared to control.     

水分胁迫下秸秆还田对玉米产量和根系空间分布的影响

为了探究水分胁迫条件下秸秆还田对玉米产量和根系空间分布的影响,自2016年起连续2年在沈阳农业大学试验田设置了秸秆还田控水试验.于大型遮雨棚内采用滴灌控水的方法,设置行间秸秆翻埋(T₁)与混拌(T₂)两种还田方式,15 cm (D₁)、30 cm (D₂)、45 cm (D₃) 3个还田深度,以秸秆不还田3个翻埋深度为对照,在玉米苗期和吐丝期分别进行旱、涝处理,分析水分胁迫条件下玉米产量和根系空间分布特征. 结果表明: 2016年S₁T₁D₂(秸秆翻埋还田30 cm)产量显著高于对照处理,增产幅度为5.7%～7.1%;侧根和深层根系根干质量较其他处理分别高67.3%～149.9%和17.9%～116.4%;植株地上部干物质积累量显著低于其他处理,降低幅度为2.1%～35.8%. S₁T₁D₂可以提高玉米根系生长量,扩展根长的空间分布范围,缓解了旱涝危害,实现降雨不均条件下的增产和稳产. 因此,在东北地区先旱后涝的气候条件下,春玉米生产推荐行间翻埋30 cm的秸秆还田方式.     

干旱区绿洲农田不同种植模式和秸秆管理下土壤质量评价

研究干旱区绿洲农田不同种植模式和秸秆管理下土壤有机碳及其酶活性的变化,揭示农业管理措施对土壤质量的影响,以期为干旱区农业资源高效利用及可持续发展提供理论依据.在作物种植规划区,选择新疆主要农作物棉花、小麦、玉米,设计长期连作及轮作试验.结果表明:轮作处理土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳、热水溶性有机碳含量较连作处理分别提高了3.6%~9.9%、41.8%~98.9%、3.3%~17.0%、11.1%~32.4%、4.6%~27.5%;秸秆还田处理较秸秆不还田处理分别提高了12%~35.9%、22.4%~49.7%、30.7%~51.0%、10.6%~31.9%、41.0%~96.4%.轮作处理土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖核苷酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性较连作处理分别提高了6.4%~10.9%、6.6%~18.8%、5.9%~15.3%、10.0%~27.4%、28.1%~37.5%;秸秆还田处理较-秸秆不还田处理分别提高了31.4%~47.5%、19.9%~46.6%、13.8%~20.7%、19.8%~55.6%、54.1%~70.9%.相关性分析表明,SOC及其活性组分与土壤酶活性之间有极显著的正相关关系,利用土壤活性有机碳组分和酶活性变化可有效表征农田SOC和土壤质量变化.通过因子分析综合评价得知,在干旱区农业生产中,短期连作棉花兼实施秸秆还田可提高SOC及其活性组分含量和酶活性,合理轮作可有效缓解连作障碍,使土壤质量得到进一步改善,有利于农田土壤的可持续利用.     

种植碱蓬和秸秆覆盖对沿海滩涂极重度盐土盐分动态与脱盐效果的影响

为探明沿海滩涂极重度盐土盐分动态规律及其影响因子,并探讨盐生植被和秸秆覆盖下土壤的脱盐及控盐效果,2014年5月—2015年5月,在江苏沿海滩涂极重度盐土中进行田间试验,设置4种处理:对照(裸地,CK)、种植碱蓬(PS)、15 t·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(SM-A)和30t·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(SM-2A),监测气候因子和土壤盐分的动态变化.结果表明:(1)滩涂裸地表层土壤盐分具有显著的季节性变化特征,表现为在6—8月盐分降低至最低值(8.69g·kg^-1),9—12月呈现积盐作用,最大值为26.66 g·kg^-1;表层土壤盐分变化比亚表层更剧烈,而且亚表层盐分变化相对于表层具有一定的滞后性;(2)相关分析表明,滩涂裸地表层盐分变化与采样前15 d的累积降雨量及蒸降比具有显著的线性关系;多因子及互作逐步分析表明,降雨量增加可以显著促进脱盐作用,大气温度升高可加剧盐分积累,降雨量和大气温度的互作效应增加会对盐分累积产生正效应;(3)PS处理没有显著改变土壤盐分的季节性变化规律,但降低了表层土壤盐分;(4)SM-A和SM-2A条件下,土壤脱盐率与覆盖处理天数回归拟合符合Logistic曲线,且经过雨季覆盖处理90~100 d后表层土壤脱盐率均可达到95.0%以上,覆盖处理120 d后亚表层土壤脱盐率均可达到92.0%以上,之后表层和亚表层土壤盐分分别在0.60和1.00 g·kg^-1以下波动.综合考虑脱盐效果和经济投入,在梅雨季节前(4—5月)采用15 t·hm^-2秸秆覆盖,可能是未来滩涂极重度盐土进行快速脱盐和改良的重要措施.     

用于分析土壤微生物结构变化规律的变性梯度凝胶电泳条件研究

研究确定土壤微生物基因组DNA提取方法、PCR扩增条件、DGGE电泳条件,为进一步研究分析土壤中微生物结构变化规律提供理论依据。土壤微生物基因组DNA提取采用直接法和间接法进行比较; PCR扩增条件调整扩增体系、DGGE电泳条件调整变性剂范围,并对其结果进行比较分析。通过对DGGE电泳相关条件的研究,结果显示,土壤中粗基因组DNA采用直接法提取,然后进行纯化; PCR扩增体系中加入BSA,DGGE电泳系统组成中变性剂浓度范围为35%～55%。确定了土壤微生物基因组DNA提取方法、PCR扩增条件、DGGE电泳条件,为后续的相关研究提供理论依据。